TBK1 and viral infectious disease: Once activated, TRAF3 and TRAF6 induce the activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), IKK, and MAPKs, which in turn activate the transcription factors IRF3, NF-κΒ, and activating protein 1 (AP-1), thereby initiating a rapid antiviral response to defend against various types of viral infection [31, 298, 305, 314].