By inhibiting the activation of CAFs, TCM can fundamentally reduce their tumour-promoting effects; furthermore, targeting the immunosuppressive factors secreted by CAFs can block their negative regulation of immune cells and achieve dual intervention.It has been found that factors such as TGF-β and CXCL11 secreted by CAFs not only promote tumour proliferation and metastasis, but also recruit immunosuppressive cells (e.g., M2-type macrophages) to form an immunosuppressive microenvironment [29, 30]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.