CD274 and neoplasm: Experimental studies demonstrated that M-BJJW significantly elevated the proportion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in a DEN-induced rat HCC model, while simultaneously decreasing the abundance of Tregs and the levels of immunosuppressive factors, such as IL-6 and IL-10, and that the core mechanism involves down-regulating the expression of PD-L1 by inhibiting the HIF-1α/STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby blocking the immune escape of tumour cells [169].