TNFRSF11B, FMOD, and SFRP4 were included for further study as they have been identified as genes expressed by fibromyocytic VSMCs (TNFRSF11B, FMOD) and/or have a role in atherosclerosis (TNFRSF11B,26,27,28FMOD,29SFRP4,30,31) or up-regulated in fibroblast senescence (TMEM178B, SFRP4).25 5–7 additional human VSMC isolates were used to validate changes in these genes in senescence. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF11B and atherosclerosis.