IRF3 and HIV-1 infection: In contrast to IP-10, expression of IFN-β was robustly attenuated by knockdown of IRF3, IRF5, or IRF7 expression in HIV-1–infected MDMs (Supplemental Figure 2K), suggesting a selective and nonredundant role of IRF5 in mediating a proinflammatory response to HIV-1 infection in macrophages.