TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Pvt1 knockdown (SLE + si-Pvt1) significantly elevated levels of IL-2 (p = 0.0053) and TGF-β (p = 0.0227), while displaying significantly reduced levels of IL-6 (p = 0.0082) and IL-17 (p = 0.0083) compared to the SLE + lenti-Ctrl group (Fig. 4A–D).