GRAMD1B and infection: Two studies, Roman et al. and Satwani et al., noted particularly high rates of IFD despite a prophylactic dose of LAmB as high as 3 mg/kg OD with a rate of 9.8% (5/51) and 15.1% (13/86) of proven IFD, respectively.17,20 This contrasts with the study from Bochennek et al. where in the study arm on LAmB at 2.5 mg/kg twice weekly no breakthrough infections were found.30 The overall rate of breakthrough IFD in patients on any LAmB prophylactic regimen was 7.2%, and of these 75.5% proven, 18.4% probable and 6.1% possible, but these results on efficacy are particularly difficult to interpret.