An examination of transcriptomic profiles of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells when infected with macrolide-resistant or susceptible Mcat strains revealed upregulation of many of the same inflammatory pathways identified here (e.g., TNF, IL-17, MAPK, NF-κB signaling, etc.)(65). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and lung adenocarcinoma.