TGFB1 and Nephropathy: Additionally, 5-FU triggered crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB/p38MAPK axis by significantly upregulating p-p38, p-JNK, p-ERK1/2, p-NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β, and IL-6, while downregulating Nrf2 and HO-1, resulting in kidney damage.