Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a subtype of CSVD, has been investigated through comparative analysis of the inflammatory and immune responses in CADASIL patients versus controls, revealing a pronounced accumulation of microglia/macrophages around microvessels.CD163-positive cells were associated with a specific perivascular inflammatory cell response (122). The gene discussed is CD163; the disease is CADASIL.