ULK1 and Myocardial fibrosis: It has been found that chikusetsusaponin IVa (CS) stimulates the action of autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 axis in an isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis model, which significantly attenuates myocardial fibrosis, reduces cardiac index, inhibits infiltrated inflammation, and reduces collagen deposition as well as cardiomyocyte size (61).