At least 38 genetic etiologies have been identified to be associated with MSMD (Casanova et al., 2024), among which STAT1, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IRF1, and IL12RB1 play critical roles in the IFN-γ-mediated immunity pathway, as illustrated in Supplementary Figure S1 (Casanova et al., 2024). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases.