MAPK3 and colonic neoplasm: In colon cancer (HCT 116) cells, emodin reduces VEGF secretion and VEGFR1/2 protein expression by down-regulating Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4) [468], while in liver cancer, emodin inhibits tumorigenesis through concurrently suppressing the VEGFR2-AKT-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and inhibiting the protein expression of SMAD2/4 by enhancing miR-34a level in Hep G2 cells [469].