TGFB1 and breast cancer: Icariin enhances macrophage phagocytosis, reduces spleen and thymus indices, downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β) in cervical cancer (SiHa) cells, and inhibits TGF-β1 protein expression in breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells, suggesting its immunomodulatory effects [708, 709].