CXCL12 and colonic neoplasm: It reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-6 and TNF-α) [817] and pro-carcinogenic cytokines (TGF-β1, TNF-β, and CXCL12) [818] which exerts an inhibitory effect on pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) and colon cancer (HCT 116) cells [819, 820].