Moreover, the proportion of cells in cluster 3 was notably greater than that of cells in other clusters in both the uninjured and regenerative stages; cluster 4 exhibited high expression of genes involved in proinflammatory responses, such as Ifitm6, Gsr and Hp; cluster 5 exhibited increased expression of Acod1 (aconitate decarboxylase 1, also known as immunoresponsive gene 1), a key regulator of immunometabolism during infection and inflammation (Supplementary Fig. 1e). Here, HP is linked to infection.