INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The daily administrationof insulin remains the primary therapyfor patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM). Parenteral injection continues to be the most commonlyemployed route of insulin delivery, despite its associated limitations,including patient discomfort due to needle use, reduced treatmentadherence, and peripheral hyperinsulinemia, which can exacerbate insulinresistance in muscle and peripheral tissues., Thesechallenges underscore the pressing need for alternative administrationroutes that enhance patient compliance, ensure systemic insulin delivery,and improve bioavailability.