DKK3 and Hepatic fibrosis: AMSCs secrete insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), Dickkopf-related protein 3 (Dkk3), and Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK-1), which inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby alleviating liver fibrosis in mice (Liu et al., 2022).