TGFB1 and melanoma: However, the activation of TGF-β signaling has been shown to correspond with drug resistance in various cancer types, such as melanoma [111], non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [112], breast cancer [113], hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [114], CRC [115], SCC [73], osteosarcoma [116], and in tumor-initiating cells of some cancer types [44, 117].