TGFB1 and neoplasm: Conversely, exosomes derived from tumor-associated macrophages led to increased expression of TGF-β signaling pathway activators in meningioma cells, specifically TGFBI, SNAI1, MMP2, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, IGFBP7, and LTBP2, leading to tumor cells obtaining a more aggressive phenotype [83].