EGFR and neoplasm: Fig. 1 illustrates the primary downstream pathways activated by EGFR signaling and their biological effects, including cell proliferation, survival, and gene transcription. Additionally, aberrant activation of the EGFR signaling pathway can affect the tumor microenvironment, such as by promoting the secretion of angiogenic factors, thereby increasing the blood supply to the tumor [25], or by modulating the expression of immune-suppressive factors, helping tumor cells evade immune surveillance [26].