Meanwhile, an increasing amount of evidence indicates the involvement of AR and ERs, as intrinsic factors, in the development and outgrowth of urothelial cancer, as well as the modulation of sensitivity to conventional non-surgical treatments for bladder cancer, such as intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, although conflicting findings exist (reviewed in [8–10]). The gene discussed is AR; the disease is urinary bladder carcinoma.