AR and urinary bladder carcinoma: Fig. 1 and Table 1 summarize the molecules shown to be up-regulated/down-regulated and/or activated/inactivated by AR, ERα, and/or ERβ in non-neoplastic urothelial cells and/or urothelial cancer cells, as potential effectors. Meanwhile, besides some immunohistochemical studies in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma specimens showing the results similar to those in bladder cancer specimens [109,110,119], no studies appear to have assessed the role of AR, ERα, and/or ERβ specifically in upper urinary tract cancer.