IFNB1 and neoplasm: In addition, experimental results showed that the combination with PD-1 checkpoint blockade to induce tumor-specific T-cell-mediated anti-tumor responses effectively inhibited primary and metastatic tumor growth and increased the release of both IFN-β and TNF-α (an important indicator of anti-tumor cellular immunity and direct tumor cell killing), suggesting a long-term immune memory effect (Fig. 6D).