GFAP and Anxiety: Upon meta-analysis, physiological stress (Wang et al., 2023b; Hosseinifard et al., 2019; Diviccaro et al., 2019) leading to depressive and anxiety-like behaviours led to a significant increase in GFAP expression (SMD 3.01 [1.52–4.50], Fig. 4) whereas psychological stress models of mood dysfunction numerically reduced GFAP expression but did not reach statistical significance (SMD -1.84 [−4.75-1.06], Fig. 4).