Escherichia coli is found abundant in normal breast tissue adjacent to breast tumors in comparison with healthy controls.25,26E. coli has various virulence factors that promote adhesion, infiltration and survival, as well as a genotoxic effect, including the polyketide synthase (pks) gene.35 Strains of E. coli with the pks pathogenicity island are able to produce colibactin, which can induce DNA damage, contributing to gene instability and carcinogenesis.26 Here, ARAF is linked to breast neoplasm.