TGFB1 and neoplasm: Previous studies report that tumor cells inhibit DCs maturation and infiltration, as well as suppress immune response function by secretion of cytokines, such as TGF-β or interleukin-10.36–38 Tumor cells can also dampen the antigen presentation function of DCs by recruiting immune suppressive cells such as Tregs, MDSCs, and TAMs.39 All these regulations on disrupting DCs’ development or inducing their dysfunction are mediated by either cytokines or regulatory cells, which highlight an indirect pattern of interaction between tumor cells and DCs.