For example, FOXM1 and KDM4E were identified in healthy human lumbar IVDs as unique transcription factors that regulate protein–protein interactions for the AF and NP.244 Another study of human NP, AF, and CEP tissues from patients within a variety of spinal disorders identified regulatory, homeostatic, and effector populations of chondrocytes with distinct functions for IVD homeostasis. Here, FOXM1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.