Numerous studies have shown low HDL-C but high TG in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including sepsis, IBD, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis (12, 53, 54), and cytokines like TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 are thought to be involved (55). Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.