Based on the presence of mitochondrial-associated proteins in the FMRP N-tat interactome (Fig. 3A) and previous reports of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) defects in FXS cells (44, 45, 46, 47), it was hypothesized that FMRP N-tat might restore the impaired MMP phenotype. Here, FMR1 is linked to fragile X syndrome.