SERPINA1 and alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: Risk factors for having fibrosis or cirrhosis in people with AATD were investigated in the UK Biobank in 17 006 Pi*MZ and 864 Pi*SZ carriers, and included age above 50 years (odds ratio in Pi*MZ 1.6, 95% CI = 1.2–2.2, odds ratio in Pi*SZ 2.9, 95% CI = 1.1–7.8), obesity (odds ratio in both Pi*MZ and Pi*SZ 3.9, 95% CI = 1.2–12.2), and male sex (odds ratio in Pi*MZ 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3–2.7; odds ratio in Pi*SZ 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1–10.3) [33], indicating that risk factors for developing advanced liver disease in AATD are similar to other chronic liver diseases.