While here we focused on a combinationof CPMV with IL-12, theconcept could be expanded to other chemo/cytokine therapiesforexample, the proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-15, andIL-2, have shown promise in cancer therapy by slowing tumor growthmediated by an enhanced T-cell response in the TME.−,  Again, becauseCPMV directly activates innate cells, leading to priming and expansionof antitumor T cells, the combination of CPMV with immunotherapiesthat act directly on T cells is expected to be additive and potentiallysynergistic. Here, IL15 is linked to neoplasm.