TNF and viral infectious disease: The Toll pathway (similar to the mammalian pathways depending on Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) is induced by viral, Gram‐positive bacterial, and fungal infections, while the IMD pathway (like the mammalian tumor necrosis factor, TNF) defends against Gram‐negative bacterial infections, as well as viral infections, as was observed in mosquitoes (Cheng et al., 2016, 2021).