Additionally, the activation of regulators such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF-6) (Lv et al., 2018), TRIM47, and its downstream pathway, including K63-linked TRAF2 (Qian et al., 2022), further promotes lung inflammation in ALI/ARDS by activating NF-κB signaling in ECs. The gene discussed is TRAF2; the disease is acute respiratory distress syndrome.