However, these materials rely on a single contact bactericidal mechanism facing two major challenges in complex infected microenvironments: (i) insufficient efficiency in removing dormant bacteria in biofilms; and (ii) lack of ability to regulate infection-induced excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, making it difficult to achieve a good therapeutic efficacy in fighting infections and promoting tissue repair [[27], [28], [29]]. Here, TNF is linked to infection.