In addition, a notable decrease in E-cadherin expression was also noted in COPD-ES (P <0.05) and COPD-CS (P <0.05) groups as compared to NLFS; however, compared to HC the decrease in percent expression COPD-ES (P = 0.1021) and CS (P = 0.1178) was not statistically significant. The gene discussed is CDH1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.