HA, together with procollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), is used to calculate the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score, a non-invasive diagnostic tool for detectingsevere fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV. Here, TIMP1 is linked to hepatitis C virus infection.