Glutamine metabolism has been identified as a key contributor to mitophagy; inhibition of glutamine metabolism suppresses the activation of BNIP3, a well-established marker of mitophagy.12,13 Therefore, we aimed to investigate the predictive value of autophagy-related proteins in relation to very late-onset recurrence following AF ablation, focusing specifically on Parkin as a representative marker of mitophagy and ATG5 as a marker of bulk autophagy. Here, ATG5 is linked to atrial fibrillation.