TGFB1 and neoplasm: Although Bevacizumab may transiently enhance antitumor immunity in the early stages, prolonged therapy shifts the TME toward immunosuppression: the proportion of M2-type TAMs increases from 25% to 48%, inhibiting T-cell activity through IL-10 and TGF-β secretion (Boso et al., 2023); peripheral blood Treg levels rise 1.8-fold, and tumor cell PD-L1 expression significantly increases (Konstantinopoulos et al., 2019).