For example, recent studies have identified CFAP47 mutations in asthenozoospermia patients, highlighting the crucial role of CFAP47 in flagellar structure and its potential as a diagnostic marker for this condition.50–52 Nevertheless, without a complete CA structure at hand, previous investigations were largely unable to clarify the assembly and function of the target protein, nor could they uncover the pathogenic mechanism underlying asthenozoospermia. This evidence concerns the gene CFAP47 and Reduced sperm motility.