On the other hand, enhanced CD40 signaling through TRAF3 mutations led to autoimmunity and increased risk of B-cell malignancy in humans (Rae et al, 2022), while a lack of CD40 signaling through CD40L mutations led to immunodeficiency in humans (Kroczek et al, 1994). The gene discussed is TRAF3; the disease is immunodeficiency disease.