While CD274 (PD-L1) expression was detected in only 18% of tumour samples, and PD-L2, CD80 and CD86 were not detected in any samples, upregulation of VSIR, GAL-3, SELL, GAL-9, PVR and CD276 was observed in ccRCCs (Fig. 5e). This evidence concerns the gene PVR and neoplasm.