One hint is our observation that despite the absence of tumour shrinkage and the fact that checkpoint therapy even reduced the number of T cells in the tumour microenvironment, we identified that splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from immune checkpoint inhibitor treated animals, but not from untreated animals, could recognise ccRCC cells isolated from the same animal in a co-culture setting. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.