PDCD1 and neoplasm: Loss of function mutations of PBRM1 and loss of chromosome 10q23.31 correlate with good responses to anti-PD-1 therapy but neither have large effect sizes, and these associations have not been observed in all studies4–9, indicating that the individual genetics of each patient’s ccRCC tumour does not play a dominant role in determining the likelihood of response to currently-available immune checkpoint therapy.