Blockade of extracellular HMGB1 using several different inhibitors in multiple orthotopic syngeneic mouse models of basal-like breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer inhibited tumour growth, altered the tumour microenvironment to a more favourable anti-tumour state and showed enhanced therapeutic efficacy in combination with PD-1 inhibition43. Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.