scRNA-seq revealed that VpR ccRCC tumours are infiltrated by a population of cells that express many genes that are characteristic of PMN-MDSC cells which could contribute to suppression of T cells, including Arg2, Ptgs2, Tgfb1, Il1b and Cd300ld. The proteins encoded by these genes are all pharmacologically targetable. Here, TGFB1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.