Consistent with inhibition in the OVA-induced asthma model, the eosinophil counts and the frequency of Tfh13 cells markedly decreased in the butyrate group (Supplementary Fig. 12j, k), while HDM-specific IgG1 and IgE levels, along with anaphylactic IgE levels, notably decreased (Supplementary Fig. 12l, m). This evidence concerns the gene IGHE and asthma.