AVP and Anxiety: AVP signals via three central receptors: vasopressin receptors (V1aR, V1bR) and the oxytocin receptor (OTR), all implicated in defensive behaviors, including fear, avoidance, and anxiety; for review see Serradeil-Le Gal et al.,3 Caldwell et al.,4 Veenema,5 Jurek and Neumann,6 Janeček and Dabrowska,7 and Olivera-Pasilio and Dabrowska8 (of note, V2R is found in the kidneys9).