Furthermore, the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐6, was attenuated in irradiated 4T1 cells co‐culture supernatants relative to non‐irradiated 4T1 cells co‐culture, potentially due to the RT‐induced promotion of TGF‐β secretion by tumor cells (Figure 2e–h). Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.