Notably, this hypoxic state triggers hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activation, which subsequently upregulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to promote renal fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tubular cells and interstitial fibroblast activation (29). The gene discussed is HIF1A; the disease is renal fibrosis.