BBR-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)-chitosan nanoparticles could dramatically ameliorate inflammation scores in lung tissues and reduce inflammatory cells (neutrophils and macrophages) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α), thus improving the therapeutic anti-inflammatory impact of BBR against CS-induced airway inflammation in COPD rats (Sun et al., 2022). Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.