VEGFC and lymphedema: In secondary lymphedema, MSCs can not only differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells, but also secrete lymphangiogenic factors such as VEGF-C and bFGF to promote lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation, migration and differentiation, and subsequently alleviate lymphedema (Zhan et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2018; Ahmadzadeh et al., 2020; Jørgensen et al., 2021).