PINK1 and Alzheimer disease: Studies have shown that exercise training activates a variety of signaling pathways involved in the pathophysiological process of AD, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Wnt/β-catenin, adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)-Parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (PARKIN), and Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) signaling pathways (Figure 1).