TNF and COVID-19: A study of the cytokine profiles of patients with acute COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 revealed that the levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1beta) and TNF were significantly increased in the serum of patients with COVID-19 compared with healthy controls; in the serum of patients who recovered from COVID-19, the levels of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and IFN-γ were also increased (80, 81).