VCAM1 and atherosclerosis: Previous studies (21) have shown in an in vitro atherosclerosis model that total Dw extract, as well as drimenol, isodrimeninol, and polygodial at 10 μg/ml, inhibit the adhesion of THP1 cells such as blood monocytes to TNF-α-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and reduced TNF-α-induced overexpression in HUVEC of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which is key in the regulation of vascular inflammation, where monocyte adhesion and their transmigration into the intima starts a cascade of inflammatory reactions (57, 58).