OTUD3 and lung carcinoma: In lung cancer, OTUB1 triggered lung cancer development by inhibiting RAS monoubiquitination (36); OTUB2 stabilized U2AF2 through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to promote the Warburg effect and tumorigenesis (37); and OTUD3 stabilized GRP78 to augment the malignancy (38).