OTUB1 and hepatocellular carcinoma: OTUB1 drives malignancy by mediating tumor immune evasion, promoting cell migration, and regulating tumor grading-associated signaling pathways (e.g., in glioma) (6); USP7 predominantly facilitates oncogenesis by stabilizing oncoproteins (e.g., in hepatocellular carcinoma) (7), enhancing tumor cell proliferation (e.g., in non-small cell lung cancer) (8), and suppressing tumor suppressor activity (e.g., p53) (9).