At the molecular level, both Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses confirmed downregulation of CypD expression in GPR43-OE group, with protein levels decreasing from 1.53 ± 0.05 to 1.29 ± 0.06; p < 0.05; Fig. 5E), and mRNA expression declining from 1.71 ± 0.05 to 1.41 ± 0.06; p < 0.05; Fig. 5G) compared to AD group, collectively indicating enhanced mitochondrial integrity through GPR43 overexpression. Here, FFAR2 is linked to Alzheimer disease.