INS and Alzheimer disease: However, in recent years D. melanogaster has also gained interest as a model for various chronic human diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease, DMT2), conserved biological processes, including insulin signaling, innate immunity (Imd and toll signaling), and energy metabolism (insulin signaling), many of which show marked sex-specific regulation and physiological approaches, including nutrition, due in part to cost-effective housing and short generation time14,15.