INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from abnormal insulin production or metabolism, leading to chronic hyperglycemia, characterized by disturbances in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, along with symptoms like polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, high urine glucose, and weight loss (Hilal et al., 2023; Maqbool et al., 2021).