INS and Nephropathy: Diabetes mellitus is a global public health concern with severe complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular issues, and more, caused by either insufficient insulin production (Type 1) due to an autoimmune response or insulin resistance (Type 2), leading to elevated blood glucose levels and oxidative stress, emphasizing the importance of glucose control to prevent complications (Chen et al., 2019; Shi et al., 2019).